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Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and its correlates among people 35 years and older: Result from pilot phase of the Azar cohort study
Zohreh Ghorbani1, Seyed Morteza Shamshirgaran2, Samad Ghaffari3, Parvin Sarbakhsh4, Farzad Najafipou5, Nayyereh Aminisani1
1 Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
2 Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Injury Epidemiology Prevention Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
3 Cardiovascular Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
4 Injury Epidemiology Prevention Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
5 Endocrine Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| Date of Submission | 25-Sep-2017 |
| Date of Acceptance | 28-Jan-2018 |
| Date of Web Publication | 03-Apr-2018 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Seyed Morteza Shamshirgaran
Room 405, Golghasht Ave., Atar Neyshabouri St. Faculty of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz
Iran
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_118_17
Background and Objective: There is remarkable alteration in hypertension prevalence and awareness, and their correlates among various geographic locations and ethnic groups. The aim of this study was to report hypertension prevalence, awareness, and its correlates as well as hypertension treatment, and control among Azari people aged 35 years and older.
Materials and Methods: The pilot phase of the Azar Cohort Study; a state level of a nationwide PERSIAN cohort study was conducted in Khameneh city between October 2014 and January 2015. All people 35 years of age and above were invited to take part in this study. A comprehensive range of different biomarkers, lifestyle, socioeconomic factors, and health-related factors was collected. Blood pressure was measured by a trained nurse/midwife. Descriptive statistical methods were used to present general characteristics of the study population as frequency tables. Separate multiple logistic regression models were built to assess the predictors of hypertension prevalence.
Results: A total of 1038 people were included in this study. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 22.9%. Awareness of hypertension was 60.5% and in those with known hypertension, 84% were using the antihypertensive medications, of those 68.5% had controlled hypertension. After adjustment; age (odds ratios [OR]adj= 1.12 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09–1.15), gender (ORadj= 1.65 95% CI: 1.08–2.51), obesity ORadj= 2.51 (1.40–4.88), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (ORadj= 1.70 (1.05–2.75), and comorbidities (ORadj= 2.51 (1.72–3.66) were independent predictors of hypertension.
Conclusion: Age, sex, body mass index, WHR, and comorbidities were known as predictors of hypertension in this study, health promotion strategies including lifestyle modification to reduce overweight/obesity and secondary prevention programs for early detection of hypertension in high-risk groups according to age, gender, and disease profile are recommended.
Keywords: Awareness, control, PERSIAN cohort, hypertension, prevalence, treatment
How to cite this article:
Ghorbani Z, Shamshirgaran SM, Ghaffari S, Sarbakhsh P, Najafipou F, Aminisani N. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and its correlates among people 35 years and older: Result from pilot phase of the Azar cohort study. J Edu Health Promot 2018;7:45 |
How to cite this URL:
Ghorbani Z, Shamshirgaran SM, Ghaffari S, Sarbakhsh P, Najafipou F, Aminisani N. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and its correlates among people 35 years and older: Result from pilot phase of the Azar cohort study. J Edu Health Promot [serial online] 2018 [cited 2023 Sep 24];7:45. Available from: https://www.jehp.net//text.asp?2018/7/1/45/229117 |
| Introduction | |  |
Noncommunicable diseases account for 76% of deaths in Iran and this number is on the rise. Many risk factors associated with noncommunicable diseases are preventable by lifestyle modification.[1] Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main leading cause of death globally and it is estimated that more than 17 million people die each year. Unfortunately, more than three-quarter of death occurs in low- and middle-income countries where there is no adequate health-care budget to organize prevention strategies. In addition, social and economic consequences of CVDs are considerable in these countries.[2]
Evidence shows that lifestyle modification such as tobacco cessation, maintain a healthy weight, healthy diet (e.g. adequate consumption of fruit and vegetable, limit sodium intake), sufficient physical activity (PA), lead to a remarkable reduction in the incidence of these diseases.[3],[4]
Hypertension has been recognized as major risk factors for CVD and mortality.[5] It is a global public health concern; it is estimated that approximately 970 million people have hypertension globally mainly living in developing countries. Complication of hypertension accounts for more than 9.4 million deaths annually worldwide.[6],[7]
Despite progress in increasing detection, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension many hypertensive people remain undiagnosed for many years. For example, in a study among American's, the prevalence and diagnosis rate of hypertension were 28.7% and 62.9%, respectively.[8] In addition, 50%–75% of hypertensive people do not have adequate control of their blood pressure (BP).[9]
Consequently, uncontrolled hypertension is the major leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.[10] Therefore, early detection of hypertension is very important to limit its more cost negative health impact.[11] There is a geographical and ethnical variation in hypertension prevalence, awareness, and control.[12],[13]
In Iran based on the results of a recent systematic review, the overall prevalence of hypertension was 22.1%.[14] Hypertension prevalence, treatment, and control have been reported to be varied by geographic location and ethnicity in Iran.[15] Results of Golestan cohort study in Northeast of Iran including Turkmen people showed about 42% prevalence of hypertension, hypertension awareness was less among men, and only one-third of treated people had controlled hypertension.[16] A national household study in Iran showed that only 34% of people with hypertension were aware of their disease.[16] The higher rate of awareness has been reported from large cities such as Tehran and Isfahan (44% and 50%).[17],[18]
The first step in planning and policy making for the intervention and modification of risk factors of CVDs, such as hypertension in a community, is to determine the prevalence of risk factors in the population. Regarding the importance of hypertension as one of the most important risk factors for CVDs, which is the leading cause of noncommunicable diseases.[19] The aim of this study was to investigate hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control and its correlates among Azari people aged 35 years and older in the northwest of Iran participating in the pilot phase of Azar cohort study; a state level of a nationwide cohort study (PERSIAN)[1]
| Materials and Methods | | |
The Azar cohort study is a state-level of a nationwide cohort study entitled “Persian Cohort Study” in Iran that has been launched in October 2014 in different geographically regions of Iran mainly aiming to assess a comprehensive range of different biomarkers, lifestyle, socioeconomic factors, and health-related factors of common noncommunicable diseases among Iranian adults. Its methods are described in detail elsewhere.[1]
The Azar cohort study has been conducted in Shabestar; a county located in East Azerbaijan province by Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. All people 35–70 years of age are invited to take part in this study if they meet the inclusion criteria (permanent resident of this city, the ability to respond to the questions, Iranian originality). Up to 20,000 people will be recruited in this study which will be sufficient sample for the main outcomes of interest such as CVD, diabetes, and so on. The pilot phase of the Azar cohort study was conducted in Khameneh, one of the cities of the Shabestar County between October 2014 and January 2015.
For the pilot study, all residents of the Khameneh city who were 35-years-old and over were invited by phone to participate in this cohort study. Eligible people were invited to visit the Azar cohort center for the assessment. Information related to demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle factors, diet, and medical history of diseases was collected through an electronic questionnaire by trained interviewers. Blood, hair, nail, and urine samples were collected from participants for biobank.
Anthropometric measures, including height, weight, hip, and waist circumference, were measured using standard methods by trained staff. To measure the weight of individuals, they were asked to stand on calibrated weighing scales then it was measured with a minimum of clothes and without weighing devices, such as a cellphone or a bag. To measure the height correctly, the participants were asked to stand straight without shoes and hat. Waist circumference was measured on standing participants the middle range between the last rib and the pelvic bone with the minimum of clothing and hip was measured the maximum position with a precision of 0.1 cm. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared and classified into normal BMI (18. 5 ≥BMI <25), overweight (BMI ≥25–29.9), and obese (BMI ≥30). Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) measured for all participants and WHR ≥0.9 among men and more or equal than 0.8 for female considered as central obesity.[20],[21]
BP was measured by a trained nurse/midwife using a Riester sphygmomanometer-Germany. BP was measured after the participant had rested in a seated position for 15 min using standardized method with cuff size adjusted to arm circumference. The cuff was placed on the arm at the level of the heart. BP was recorded twice, with an approximately 10 min interval for each arm. BP reported as the mean of two measurements taken. Study participants were classified into three groups based on their BP; normal BP (systolic BP [SBP] <120 mmHg and diastolic BP [DBP] <80 mmHg), prehypertensive (SBP ≥120 mmHg but < 140 mmHg or DBP ≥80 mmHg but <90 mmHg), and hypertensive (SBP ≥140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥90 mmHg and/or self-reported use of antihypertensive medication).
For measuring PA, a questionnaire consists of 23 items based on different activities from sleep/rest to high-intensity activities. The psychometric evaluation of this scale has been reported elsewhere.[22] Participants were asked to report their total number of hours spend on their different activities which should be equal 24 h. Examples of activities were given for each category of PA. Then, a PA index (PAI) was generated based on the reported hours in each activity category multiply to the metabolic equivalent task units set for each activity intensity category. Total PA (measured by the PAI) was categorized into quartiles of 18.85–33.08, 33.09–35.25, 35.26–38.13, and 38.14–86.05 MET-hours/day.[22],[23]
At the time of data gathering, 5 ml blood sample was collected from all participants (1038 samples) by two trained nurses. Lipid profile, including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triacylglycerol, was measured by autoanalyzer. TC ≥200 mg/dl, triglyceride ≥150 mg/dl, and low-density lipoprotein ≥130 mg/dl classified as increased level of plasma lipids. HDL ≤40 mg/dl for males and ≤50 mg/dl for females defines as the abnormal level of plasma HDL-C.[24]
Comorbidities such as CVDs, thyroid diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, chronic respiratory diseases, cancer, diabetes, chronic renal disease, and psychological disorders were assessed by self-report and/or physical examination and paraclinical results.
Descriptive statistical methods were used to present general characteristics of the study population as frequency tables. Separate multiple logistic regression models were built for each of the dependent variables. Two models were run for each outcome: the first was adjusted for age and sex only, while the second (fully adjusted) model included age, sex, educational level, marital status, PA, smoking, comorbidities, hyperlipidemia, WHR, and BMI.
Crude and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. Unless otherwise indicated, aORs from the fully adjusted models are reported in the text. All analyses were performed using the STATA statistical package Version 14.
| Results | | |
All residents of the Khameneh city who were 35-year-old and over (1236) were invited by phone to participate in this cohort study. A total of 1038 people were included in the pilot phase (952 people 35–70 and 86 people 70+ with the average participation rate of 82%) of Azar cohort study. More than half 569 (55%) were female and 465 (45%) were male. The mean age was 52.41 ± 11.67 years. About 40% of participants were overweight, and 32% of them were obese. Most of the participants (88.1%) were married. A total of 393 (37.86%) people had at least one disease and around of 18% of them were smokers [Table 1]. | Table 1: Demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related factors of study participants
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The mean SBP was 107.23 ± 0.52 standard deviation [SD]. It increased in each 5-year age group from 99.46 in those aged 35–49 to 120.91 in those aged 65+. The mean DBP was 67.69 ± 0.27 SD for those aged 35 years and older. DBP increased overall from 65.62 in the youngest age group to 69.60 in the oldest group [Figure 1]. | Figure 1: Distribution of weighted mean systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in the adult population in Khameneh aged 35 years and older by age group and sex
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The overall prevalence of hypertension was 22.9%, this increased as age increased from 4.8% in the younger age group to 55.5 in the oldest group (P< 0.001). Hypertension prevalence was higher in women than in men (25.8 vs. 18.7, P = 0.006) [Table 2]. | Table 2: Sociodemographic, health behavior, and biological characteristics of study participants, by hypertension stages
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Awareness of hypertension was 60.5% (63.64% in men and 57.9% in women), it was highest among participants aged 64+ and lowest among those in the age group 45–54 years of age (67% vs. 38.5%, respectively). Illiterate participants had a lower percentage of awareness compared to other with a different level of education. Those with at least one other medical condition had the higher percentage of hypertension awareness compared to those without any other medical condition (71% illiterate/primary vs. 48.5%). In those with known hypertension, 84% were using the antihypertensive medications, of those 68.5% had controlled hypertension. Controlled hypertension was more frequent in the age group 45–64 years of age (84.9%), and younger and older participants had a lower percentage of controlled hypertension (60% among age group 35–44 and 30% among 65+). The frequency of controlled hypertension was lower among obese participants compared to others.
In logistic regression model, in model 1-crude, ORs were calculated, and the results showed that there was a range of factors associated significantly with including age, sex, marital status, education, BMI, WHR, hypertriglyceridemia, and comorbidities. However, after controlling for other covariates in the final model, age was significantly associated with the higher prevalence of hypertension (ORadj= 1.12 95% CI: 1.09–1.15). The prevalence of hypertension was higher among women than men (ORadj= 1.65 95% CI: 1.08–2.51). Being overweight and obese were significantly associated with higher prevalence of hypertension ORadj= 2.05 (1.14–3.71) and ORadj= 2.51 (1.40–4.88), respectively. WHR was also another related factor (ORadj= 1.70 (1.05–2.75). Those with comorbidities had a higher prevalence of hypertension (ORadj= 2.51 (1.72–3.66) [Table 3]. | Table 3: Logistic regression models for factors associated with hypertension among study participants
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The association between marital status and educational level was attenuated after adjustment for age and sex. However, the association between hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension remained significant in model 2 [Table 3].
| Discussion | | |
The aim of this study was to report hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control among Azari people aged 35 years and older in the northwest of Iran participating in the pilot phase of Azar Cohort Study.
The overall prevalence of hypertension was 23% which was higher in older age group (55.5% in participants >65 years of age). There is a variation in the prevalence of hypertension in the world according to the latest report. In 2010, the prevalence of hypertension in high-income countries was 28.5% (27.3%–29.7%) and 31.5% (30.2%–32.9%) in low- and middle-income countries.[25]
The overall prevalence of hypertension also varies in different regions of Iran. In a systematic review published in 2008, in Iran.[14] The overall prevalence of hypertension in adults in age groups of 30–55 and >55-year-old were around 23% and 50%, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension in our study among participants aged 35–54 years of age (10.4%) was lower than the national estimates. Malekzadeh et al. in 2013 reported the overall estimates of 42.7% from the Golestan cohort participants.[16] In 2015, a report from southwestern of Iran revealed a prevalence of 17.6%.[26] The results of a study in Zanjan province revealed a prevalence of 27.8%.[27] This differences in the prevalence of hypertension might are explained by differences in age and ethnicity of these studies.
The prevalence of hypertension was higher among women than men, similar results were reported by other studies.[14],[17],[28] The mean SBP was (107.23 ± 0.52 SD) which increased as the age increased and there was no difference between men and women. Moreover, the mean DBP was (67.69 ± 0.27 SD). It was similar to the other studies.[14],[17],[29] The pattern of DBP was different among men and women; it increased sharply among women as the age increase and reached to the highest level in the age group 55–59 years of age, then dropped. However, among men, it increased as age increased and barely decreased in oldest age group. The same results were reported by Haghdoost et al.[14] However, in the Irish study,[29] DBP decreased overall as the age increased with little changes among women.
Awareness of hypertension was about 61% which was similar to the level of awareness found among adults aged 35–84 years in the USA (86%) and England (64%).[30] It was higher than that reported from low-middle income countries (37.9%)[25] and a study by Malekzadeh et al. based on the results of the Golestan Cohort Study which the awareness was 46.2%.[16] This might be due to the higher education level of our participants compared to the Golestan Cohort Study. Older age group, those with higher education level and those who had at least one other medical conditions had a higher percentage of awareness which is in line with other studies.[31]
In this study, the majority of those who were aware of their hypertension were receiving treatment (84%) and 68.5% of them had controlled hypertension. This was higher than a result of a recent collaborative multinational study including different countries that reported 32.5%[32] and was similar to another report from developed countries.[33] Uncontrolled hypertension was higher among older age group and obese participants which were in line with other studies.[34],[35] The high awareness and controlled hypertension might also be explained by the regular follow-up by health centers. In Iran, management of diabetes and hypertension have been a part of the primary health care which are provided by health centers and in rural areas, and small cities have a high coverage, and it has been reported to be an effective program.[36]
After adjustment for other variables age, gender, BMI, WHR, and comorbidity were the predictors of hypertension in this study. There are many studies confirmed the relationship between age and gender with hypertension.[14],[18],[27],[29] The association between BMI and hypertension is also mentioned in other studies,[37] comorbidity as the significant predictor of hypertension reported in many studies,[29],[38] this might be partially explained by the higher contact of those with comorbidity with health-care system.
The current study was a population-based study, and participants were more educated than other studies in Iran; therefore, the percentage of awareness and controlled hypertension were higher in this population. Despite its strengths, this study has a limitation. Those (18% of the population) who were not participated in this study might be different with the current participants in terms of the prevalence of hypertension, awareness, and control and also the related factors. At the time of this study, we were not able to obtain the characteristics of nonparticipant people; therefore, further research might be needed to include this group of people to reach a better conclusion.
| Conclusion | | |
Results of this study showed a prevalence of 23% for hypertension, and the awareness was higher than other studies in Iran or developing countries. This might be explained by the difference in the education level of the study participants. Age, sex, BMI, WHR, and comorbidities were known as predictors of hypertension in this study, health promotion strategies including healthy lifestyle modification to reduce overweight/obesity and also secondary prevention programs for early detection of hypertension in high-risk groups according to age, gender, and disease profile is recommended.
Acknowledgment
This article is the result of a research project approved by Health Faculty of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and was sponsored by the above faculty. The authors appreciated the respected authorities and all colleagues and respected all people participating in this study.
Financial support and sponsorship
The study was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (TBZMED. REC.1394.524). Informed consent was obtained from all participants. This study was funded by the research Department of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest to report.
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[Figure 1]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
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Hypertension and pre-hypertension in Middle East and North Africa (MENA): A meta-analysis of prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control |
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| Abbas Balouchi, Mojgan Haj Ahmadi Pour Rafsanjani, Kholoud Al-Mutawaa, Mahin Naderifar, Hosein Rafiemanesh, Abbas Ebadi, Tahereh Najafi Ghezeljeh, Azita Shahraki-Mohammadi, Adhra Al-Mawali | | Current Problems in Cardiology. 2021; : 101069 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and related factors in adult Iranian population |
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| Mohsen Mirzaei,Masoud Mirzaei,Behnam Bagheri,Ali Dehghani | | BMC Public Health. 2020; 20(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Hypertension and Pre-Hypertension Among Iranian Adults Population: a Meta-Analysis of Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control |
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| Roghaiyeh Afsargharehbagh,Khadije Rezaie-Keikhaie,Hosien Rafiemanesh,Abbas Balouchi,Salehoddin Bouya,Behroz Dehghan | | Current Hypertension Reports. 2019; 21(4) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Letter to the Editor re “Hypertension and Pre-Hypertension Among Iranian Adults Population: a Meta-Analysis of Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control” by Afsargharehbagh et al. (2019) Published in Current Hypertension Reports |
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| Farid Najafi,Fatemeh Rajati | | Current Hypertension Reports. 2019; 21(9) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
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